Antitumor Effects of Freeze-Dried Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora) Extracts on Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Figure 2

Coffee extract effect on cell morphology and cell cycle progression. MCF 10A, MDA-MB-231, and MCF7 cells were treated during 24 h with green coffee extract at 0 (control), 500, or 1000 μg/mL. (a) DNA content profiles using propidium iodide stain to compare the cell cycle progression. (b) Quantification of cell population proportion in different cell cycle phases. Values represent the from three independent experiments. Cell cycle were determined using FlowJo V10 software (10.7.1) and analyzed by the Watson Pragmatic algorithm model. Each concentration of coffee extract used was compared with its respective cell line control (; ; ) as determined by ANOVA, with Tukey’s multiple comparison posttest. (c) Nuclear fragmentation was analyzed using Höestch 33342 staining. Staurosporine (STS) was used as a positive control for nuclear fragmentation. The white arrows indicate fragmented nuclei. .

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