Mitochondrial Protection and Against Glutamate Neurotoxicity via Shh/Ptch1 Signaling Pathway to Ameliorate Cognitive Dysfunction by Kaixin San in Multi-Infarct Dementia Rats

Figure 2

KXS alleviated cognitive impairment and hippocampal CA1 neuronal damage in MID rats. Escape latency (a, ), frequency of crossing the platform (b, ), time to first reach the platform zone (c, ), percent of time staying in the target quadrant (%, d, ), representative traces of each group (e) in Morris Water Maze test. (f) Representative pictures of hematoxylin and eosin staining showed KXS extracts attenuated the damage to the hippocampus CA1 region in the MID rats (magnification: 200×). Nerve cell necrosis and cell degeneration (blue arrow), a decrease in the number of neurons (red arrow) and an enlarged gap (black arrow), the darkening of the nuclei (yellow arrow). (g) The necrotic cells count in the CA1 region (). The above data were presented as . , , and compared with the model group. The escape latency was performed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test, and the others were performed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test.

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