Plant parts Phytoconstituents References Peganum harmala L.Seeds Hexadecanoic acid; methyl linoleate; methyl oleate; 9-octadecenoic acid; ethyl linoleate; ethyl oleate; harmaline; harmine; delta-tocopherol [42 ] Harmine [43 ] Harmaline; harmine; asparagine; sucrose; choline; phosphorylcholine [44 ] Harmine; vasicinone; pegamine; H3-hydroxylated; pegamine dimer; ruine; deoxyvasicinone; tetrahydroharmin; peganine; harmaline; harmalol; pegaline; dexoypeganine [45 ] 2-Oxoindole alkaloids; (±)-peganumalines A-E; peganumaline [46 ] p -Coumaric acid; rutin; catechin; hesperetin; chloregenic acid[47 ] Peganine A; peganine B; peganumal A; peganumal B; pegaharmine F; pegaharmine G; pegaharmine H; pegaharmine I; pegaharmine J; pegaharmine K [48 ] Peganine B; peganumal A; peganumal B; pegaharmine F; pegaharmine G; pegaharmine H; pegaharmine I [49 ] 3α -Acetoxy-27-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid methyl ester; syringin; [5]-caffeyl alcohol 4-O-β -D-glucopyranoside; coniferin; syringinoside; N-acetyl-9-syringinoside [50 ] Pegaharmine A; pegaharmine B; pegaharmine C; pegaharmine D; pegaharmine E [51 ] Peganone I (3,6-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-2-methylanthraquinone); peganone II (8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylanthraquinone) [52 ] Harmine; harmaline; harmol; harmalol; harmane; norharmane [53 ] Indole; quinoline,2,3,4-trimethyl-; tetrahydroharman; oleanitrile; tetrahydroharmine; harmaline; harmine; 9-octadecenamide, (z)-; 6-methoxytetrahydro-1-norharmanone; 4-amino-2-ethyl-3 methylquinoline [54 ] 2-Carboxyl-3,4-dihydroquinazoline; 3-hydroxylated harmine; 1-hydroxy-7-methoxy-β -carboline; acetylnorharmine; harmic acid methyl ester; 2-aldehyde-tetrahydroharmine; harmalanine; harmine N -oxide; 2-carboxyl-3,4-dihydroquinazoline; 6-methoxyindoline; 1-O-β -D-xylopyranose sinapyl alcohol [55 ] [5]-Vasicinone-Glu; [5]-vasicinone-Glu [56 ] 3-Hydroxy-3-(N-acetyl-2-aminoethyl)-6-methoxyindol-2-one; 11-methyoxyl-rutaecarpine [57 ] Harmic acid; 4,5-dihydroblumenol [58 ] Oleic acid; linoleic acid ((Z,Z)-9,12-octadecatrienoic acid); linolenic acid; palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid); arachidic acid [59 ] Peganumine A [60 ] Peganumine A; peganumine B [61 ] Harmalidine [62 ] Harmalacidine [63 ] Diglycoside vasicine; vasicine; vasicinone; harmalol; ruine; harmol; 8-hydroxy-harmine; tetrahydroharmine; harmaline; harmine [64 ] Norharmane [65 ] Harmane; harmol; harmine [66 ] Tetrahydroharmine [67 ] Harmine; harmaline; vasicine; vasicinone [68 ] Quercetin-3-O -gentiobioside; quercetin-3-O -rutinoside; kaempferol-3-methyoxyl-5-O -rutinoside; kaempferol-3,5-dimethyxyl-7-O -glucoside; stearic acid; kaempferol-3-methyoxyl-7-O -glucoside; isorhamnetin-7-O -glucoside; isorhamnetin-3-O -rutinoside; anthraquinone glucoside; 9,14-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid [69 ] Dodecane; tetradecane; methyl dodecanoate; hexadecane; 2-octanol benzoate; heptadecane; methyl tetradecanoate; 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl pentadecane; octadecane; 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl hexadecane; nonadecane; methyl hexadecanoate; dibutyl phthalate; eicosane; methyl oleate; henicosane; docosane; harmine; tricosane [70 ] Acacetin 7-0-rhamnoside; acacetin 7-0-[6 [71 ] Ruine; dihydroharmane; dihydroruine; tetrahydroharmol; harmalicine [72 ] Roots Threonine; acetic acid; lysine; proline; phosphorylcholine; sucrose; β -glucose; formic acid; asparagine; 4-hydroxyisoleucine [44 ] Harmol [66 ] Luotonin A; luotonin B [73 ] Luotonin E; luotonin F [74 ] Vasicol [75 ] Harmine; vasicine; vasicinone; harmaline [76 ] Flowers Harmine; peganine [77 ] Proline; lysine; asparagine; 4-hydroxyisoleucine; sucrose; vasicine; choline; phosphorylcholine [44 ] Whole plant 1-Octadecene; 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone; [5]-15-heptadecenal; oxacyclohexadecan-2-one; 1,2,2,6,8-pentamethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.1]dec-8-en-10-one; hexadecane-1,2-diol; eicosan-3-ol; tetradecanoic acid; 12-methyl tetradecanoic acid; pentadecanoic acid; 5,9,13-trimethyl tetradecanoic acid; tridecanoic acid; 2-methyl-octadecanoic acid; heptadecanoic acid; [5]-9-dodecenoic acid; (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid; (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid [78 ] Harmine; harmaline [77 ] Deoxyvasicine; deoxyvasicinone [72 ] Leaves Trigonelline; formic acid; vasicinone; vasicine; harmaline; harmine; maleic acid; sucrose; α -glucose; β -glucose; malic acid; proline; asparagine; betaine; choline; phosphorylcholine; succinic acid; 4-hydroxyisoleucine; acetic acid; alanine; threonine; valine; isoleucine; malic acid; lysine [79 ] Isoleucine; valine; alanine; betaine; maleic acid; proline; lysine; asparagine; 4-hydroxyisoleucine; acetic acid; sucrose; vasicine; choline; phosphorylcholine [44 ] Aspartate; threonine; serine; glutamate; glycine; alanine; valine; methionine; isoleucine; leucine; tyrosine; phenylalanine; lysine; histidine; arginine; proline; cystine [73 ] Stem Lysine; succinic acid; malic acid; vasicinone; proline; asparagine; 4-hydroxyisoleucine; asparagine; sucrose; vasicine; choline; phosphorylcholine [44 ] Areal part 10-Vasicinol; 11-vasicinol; 4-vasicinol; 6-vasicinol; vasicine-glu; vasicine-2glu; vasicine-2glu; methylation-acetylation-vasicine; methylation-acetylation-vasicine; vasicinol-glu; vasicinone-glu; vasicinone-2glu; vasicinone-2glu; pegaline; diosmetin+3glu+rha+ac; acacetin+glu+rha; diosmetin+glu+rha [75 ] 2-Ethoxylpropane; 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanol; methylcyclopentane; 2-methylhexane; 3-methylhexane; 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane; heptane; methylcyclohexane; 2,4-dimethylhexane; 1-octen-3-ol; 2-methylheptane; 3-methylheptane; hexanol; cis -1,3-dimethylcyclohexane; 2-octanol; octane; cis -1,4-dimethylcyclohexane; [5]-2-hexanol; 1,3-dimethylbenzene; benzaldehyde; 6-methyl-5-heptane-2-one; [8]-[5]-5-ethyl-2(5H)-furanone; 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one; 12-heptadecyn-1-ol; benzenamine; N-phenyl-formamide; geranylacetone; 1,2,3,3,4-pentamethylcyclopenene; 5,6,7,7α -tetratydro-4,4,7α -trimethyl-2(4H)-benzenofranone; 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone; 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol; dodecanoic acid; hexadecanoic acid [80 ] Liriodendrin; trans -ferulic acid β -D-glucopyranoside; (6S,7E,9R )-6,9-dihydroxymegastigma-4,7-dien-3-one-9-O -β -D-glucopyranoside (or roseoside); (3S,5R,6R,7E,9S )-megastigman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol-3-O-β -D-glucopyranoside [81 ] Deoxypeganidine; peganidine; peganol; quinoline; pegamine; hemicellulose; gentisate-2,5-diglucoside [72 ] Fruits α -Glucose; choline; proline; lysine; asparagine; 4-hydroxyisoleucine; acetic acid; sucrose; vasicine; choline; phosphorylcholine[44 ] Harmine; peganine; harmaline [77 ] Testa 4-Hydroxyisoleucine; asparagine; proline; vasicine [44 ] Floral nectar Harmalol; harmine; fructose; glucose; sucrose; aspartic acid; glutamic acid; serine; glutamine; glycine; histidine; alanine; proline; tyrosine; valine; phenylalanine [82 ] Peganum multisectum (Maxim.) Bobrov2-Methylquinoline; 9-amino-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta [b] quinoline; vasicinone; harmine; peganine; deoxypeganine; deoxyvasicinone; harmane [83 ] Vasicine [84 ] (S/R )-Vasicinone [10 ] Harmol; harmane; harmine; harmaline; harmalol [66 ] Peganetin; deacetylpeganetin; 7,4 [85 ] Aspartate; threonine; serine; glutamate; glycine; alanine; valine; methionine; isoleucine; leucine; tyrosine; phenylalanine; lysine; histidine; arginine; proline; cystine [73 ] 2-Ethoxylpropane; 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanol; methylcyclopentane; 2-methylhexane; 3-methylhexane; 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane; heptane; methylcyclohexane; 2,4-dimethylhexane; 1-octen-3-ol; 2-methylheptane; 3-methylheptane; hexanol; cis -1,3-dimethylcyclohexane; 2-octanol; octane; cis -1,4-dimethylcyclohexane; [5]-2-hexanol; 1,3-dimethylbenzene; benzaldehyde; 6-methyl-5-heptane-2-one; [8]-[5]-5-ethyl-2(5H)-furanone; 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one; 12-heptadecyn-1-ol; benzenamine; N-phenyl-formamide; geranylacetone; 1,2,3,3,4-pentamethylcyclopenene; 5,6,7,7α -tetrahydro-4,4,7α -trimethyl-2(4H)-benzenofranone; 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone; 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol [80 ] Deoxyvasicine; deoxyvasicinone [72 ] Peganum nigellastrum BungeVasicine [64 ] (S/R )-Vasicinone [10 ] Diosmetin 7-O-β -D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-β -D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)-[α -L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→6)]-β -D-glucopyranoside [86 ] Nigellastrine I; nigellastrine II; harmol; harmane; harmine; harmaline; harmalol [66 ] Dihydrosinapyl ferulate; dihydroconiferyl ferulate [36 ] 3α ,27-Dihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid methyl ester; 3α -acetoxyolean-12-ene-27,28-dioic acid 28-methyl ester; 3-oxotirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid; 3α -acetoxy-27-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid methyl ester; betulinic acid; 3-O-acetylbetulinic acid; 3-epibetulinc acid; 3-O-acetylepibetulinic acid [87 ] Acacetin; peganetin; deacetylpeganetin [85 ] Aspartate; threonine; serine; glutamate; glycine; alanine; valine; methionine; isoleucine; leucine; tyrosine; phenylalanine; lysine; histidine; arginine; proline; cystine [73 ] 2-Ethoxylpropane; 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanol; methylcyclopentane; 2-methylhexane; 3-methylhexane; 1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane; heptane; methylcyclohexane; 2,4-dimethylhexane; 1-octen-3-ol; 2-methylheptane; 3-methylheptane; hexanol; cis -1,3-dimethylcyclohexane; 2-octanol; octane; cis -1,4-dimethylcyclohexane; [5]-2-hexanol; 1,3-dimethylbenzene; benzaldehyde; 6-methyl-5-heptane-2-one; [8]-[5]-5-ethyl-2(5H)-furanone; 3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one; 12-heptadecyn-1-ol; benzenamine; N-phenyl-formamide; geranylacetone; 1,2,3,3,4-pentamethylcyclopenene; 5,6,7,7α -tetrahydro-4,4,7α -trimethyl-2(4H)-benzenofranone; 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone; 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol; [80 ] Deoxyvasicine; deoxyvasicinone [72 ]
