Research Article
The Role of RIPC in Preventing Organ Damage, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress during Lower Limb DSA: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the population intention-to-treat analysis.
| | Characteristics | RIPC () | SHAM () | value | | Mean/median | SD/IQR | Mean/median | SD/IQR |
| | Demographic | | | Male () | 39 (72.2%) | 48 (84.2%) | 0.193 | | Mean age (y) | 65.5 | ±10.1 | 65.3 | ±11.9 | 0.903 | | Weight (kg) | 76.6 | ±17.5 | 78.2 | ±17.1 | 0.620 | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4 | (23.0-30.0) | 25.7 | (23.5-29.4) | 0.788 | | Renal function at inclusion | | | () # | 30 (55.6%) | 32 (56.1%) | 1 | | 60-89 () # | 20 (37.0%) | 20 (35.1%) | | | 30-59 () # | 10 (18.5%) | 12 (17.5%) | | | History of smoking () † | 42 (77.8%) | 42 (73.7%) | 0.779 | | Concomitant diseases | | | | | Stage of LEAD III or more ‡ | 27 (50.0%) | 27 (47.4%) | 0.930 | | Stage of LEAD III () ‡ | 11 (20.4%) | 10 (17.5%) | | | Stage of LEAD IV () ‡ | 16 (29.6%) | 17 (29.8%) | | | Diabetes () | 12 (22.2%) | 15 (26.3%) | 0.779 | | Hypertension () ◊ | 35 (64.8%) | 31 (54.4%) | 0.355 | | Medications | | | | | ACE inhibitors () | 20 (37.0%) | 16 (28.1%) | 0.313 | | ARBs () | 14 (25.9%) | 11 (19.3%) | 0.403 | | Calcium channel blockers () | 18 (33.3%) | 17 (29.8%) | 0.691 | | Beta blockers () | 13 (24.1%) | 15 (26.3%) | 0.786 | | Diuretics () | 18 (33.3%) | 14 (24.6%) | 0.308 | | Antiagregants () | 29 (53.7%) | 26 (45.6%) | 0.394 | | Anticoagulants () | 1 (1.9%) | 2 (3.5%) | 0.591 | | Naftidrofuryl/pentoxifylline () | 37 (68.5%) | 36 (63.2%) | 0.552 | | Statins () | 20 (37.0%) | 16 (28.1%) | 0.381 | | Insulin therapy () | 7 (13.0%) | 8 (14.0%) | 0.869 | | Oral antidiabetic agents () | 4 (7.4%) | 7 (12.3%) | 0.390 | | PSBP (mmHg) | 144.3 | ±21.9 | 139.9 | ±18.3 | 0.253 | | PDBP (mmHg) | 78.0 | ±11.8 | 75.9 | ±9.8 | 0.324 | | Heart rate (bpm) | 66.1 | ±10.2 | 67.6 | ±10.3 | 0.459 | | WBC (109/L) | 7.04 | ±2.00 | 6.99 | ±1.79 | 0.895 | | RBC (1012/L) | 4.57 | ±0.44 | 4.60 | ±0.44 | 0.752 | | HGB (g/L) | 136.1 | ±16.8 | 141.6 | ±14.4 | 0.067 | | Hct (%) | 40.3 | ±6.5 | 42.0 | ±3.9 | 0.103 | | PLT (109/L) | 252.5 | ±85.3 | 231.5 | ±56.2 | 0.131 | | High-sensitivity troponin T (ng/L) | 9.9 | (6.8-15.7) | 11.2 | (6.6-17.6) | 0.669 | | Creatine kinase MB mass (μg/L) | 1.8 | (1.5-2.6) | 1.9 | (1.6-2.8) | 0.392 | | N-terminal proBNP (pg/mL) | 168 | (93-448) | 94 | (50-376) | 0.131 | | hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.54 | (1.65-6.15) | 3.02 | (1.51-5.26) | 0.841 | | Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1 | (4.8-5.7) | 5.3 | (4.9-6.2) | 0.233 | | Creatinine (μmol/L) | 76 | (65-87) | 78 | (67-92) | 0.899 | | Urea (mmol/L) | 5.0 | (4.3-6.6) | 5.6 | (4.4-6.6) | 0.543 | | Cystatine C (mg/L) | 1.11 | (0.96-1.36) | 1.10 | (0.93-1.31) | 0.807 | | Cholesterole (mmol/L) | 4.74 | ±1.38 | 4.83 | ±1.39 | 0.733 | | HDL (mmol/L) | 1.19 | (0.97-1.56) | 1.10 | (0.92-1.43) | 0.244 | | LDL (mmol/L) | 2.76 | (2.10-3.67) | 3.01 | (2.07-3.90) | 0.669 | | TG (mmol/L) | 1.33 | (1.05-1.96) | 1.43 | (1.12-1.98) | 0.452 | | B-2-microglobuline (μg/L) | 2470 | (2042-2870) | 2180 | (1870-2780) | 0.137 | | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 86 | (71-95) | 91 | (68-100) | 0.392 | | Adiponectine (ng/mL) | 5808 | (3419-8507) | 5619 | (3327-7654) | 0.660 | | Myeloperoxidase (ng/mL) | 58.7 | (33.5-85.3) | 52.5 | (30.7-88.8) | 0.543 | | NGAL (ng/mL) | 81.8 | (63.5-101.5) | 71.9 | (65.0-83.2) | 0.080 | | Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (U/L) | 56.0 | (45.7-73.7) | 65.5 | (44.0-79.3) | 0.291 | | Kidney injury molecule 1 (pg/mL) | 1406 | (738-2354) | 1440 | (839-2407) | 0.927 | | L-FABP (ng/mL) | 0.85 | (0.67.1.52) | 0.87 | (0.62-1.51) | 0.863 | | Isoprostane/creatinine ratio (ng/mmol) | 41.0 | (33.1-50.1) | 45.5 | (32.9-61.0) | 0.318 | | IL-18 (pg/mL) | 276 | (231-361) | 283 | (201-348) | 0.864 |
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†: current and ex-smokers; ‡: stage of LEAD by Fontaine’s classification; ◊: on medication; #: ml/min/1.73 m2; y: years of age; LEAD: lower extremity arterial disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; PSBP: peripheral systolic blood pressure; PDBP: peripheral diastolic blood pressure; L-FABP: liver-type fatty acid-binding protein; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
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