Natural Coumarins: Exploring the Pharmacological Complexity and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms

Table 3

Clinical studies with warfarin in treating cancers.

Cancer [Ref.]	Intervention	Study design	Observation
Colorectal cancer [138]	Warfarin for 24 months vs. control	RCTa, unblinded	No significant difference (72.2% in the warfarin group vs. 69.5% in the control group)
Breast cancer [139]	Warfarin during chemotherapy vs. placebo	RCTa, double-blind	Insignificant variation for 225-day survival (57% in warfarin group vs. 63% in the placebo group)
Lung cancer [140]; [132]; [141]	Warfarin life-long vs. control; Warfarin life-long vs. control; Warfarin life-long vs. control	RCTa, unblinded; RCTa, unblinded; RCTa, unblinded	Insignificant variation for median survival (9.7 months in the warfarin group vs. 8.9 months in the control); Significant increase in median survival (49.5 weeks in warfarin group vs. 23 weeks in control); No significant difference in median survival
Melanoma stage Ib and II melanoma [126]	Warfarin for 24 months after surgery vs. placebo	RCTa, double-blind	Significant decrease in recurrence (4/13 in warfarin group vs. 10/14 in the placebo group)
Advanced head and neck cancer [133]	Warfarin life-long vs. control	RCTa, unblinded	No significant difference in median survival (18.0 weeks in the warfarin group vs. 20.7 weeks in the control group)