Role of Oxidative Stress in Reperfusion following Myocardial Ischemia and Its Treatments

Figure 1

Multiple sources of reactive oxygen species during reperfusion following myocardial ischemia. These are mainly mitochondria, xanthine oxidoreductase, uncoupled nitric oxide synthase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, and some other sources. Abbreviations: NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; FADH2: flavin adenine dinucleotide hydrogen transmitter; O₂⁻: superoxide; Cyt: cytochrome; UCP: uncoupled protein; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; XDH: xanthine dehydrogenase; FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide; FMN: flavin mononucleotide; BH4: tetrahydrobiopterin; MAO: monoamine oxidase; LOX: lipoxygenases; CA: catecholamine; NE: neutrophil; COX: cyclooxygenase; XO: xanthine oxidase.