[Retracted] Natural Antioxidants Improve the Vulnerability of Cardiomyocytes and Vascular Endothelial Cells under Stress Conditions: A Focus on Mitochondrial Quality Control

Table 1

Effects of different stress conditions on MQC.

Stress condition	Impact on ROS	Effects on MQC of cardiomyocytes/endothelial cells	Natural antioxidants
Oxidative stress	Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction leads to excessive ROS production	(1) Excessive mitochondrial fission; (2) Mitochondrial Ca^2+ homeostasis imbalance; (3) Abnormal opening of mPTP; (4) Mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction	(1) P. notoginseng saponins; (2) Astragaloside IV; (3) Cabbage extract; (4) Mistletoe extracts; (5) Tanshinone IIA; (6) Ligustrazine; (7) Resveratrol; (8) Luteolin; (9) Grape seed procyanidins
Hypoxia	Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction leads to excessive ROS production	(1) Excessive mitochondrial fission; (2) Mitochondrial Ca^2+ homeostasis imbalance; (3) Mitochondrial biosynthesis decreases; (4) Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential	(1) Ginseng polysaccharide; (2) Isoquercetin; (3) Vitex flavonoids; (4) Schisandrin/schisandrin B; (5) Picroside; (6) Anthocyanin
Ischaemia/reperfusion	Decoupling of the mitochondrial respiratory chain leading to excessive ROS production	(1) Mitochondrial Ca^2+ homeostasis imbalance; (2) Mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction; (3) The level of mitochondrial ATP synthesis decreases	(1) Panax quinquefolium saponin; (2) Ginsenoside RG5; (3) Lycopene; (4) Cynomorium songaricum extract; (5) Quercetin
High glucose	High levels of insulin interfere with NOX4 lead to excessive ROS production	(1) Excessive mitochondrial fission; (2) Interference with the mitochondrial electron transport chain; (3) Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential	(1) Naringin; (2) Berberine; (3) Cinnamaldehyde; (4) Rosmarinic acid; (5) Resveratrol; (6) Pleurotus nebrodensis extract; (7) Obtusin; (8) Polydatin
Inflammation	Activated infiltrating immune cells and inflammatory resident cells lead to excessive ROS production	(1) mtDNA damage; (2) Excessive mitochondrial fission	(1) Apigenin; (2) Ilexonin A; (3) Allicin; (4) Melatonin
Lipid toxicity	Lipotoxicity increases the oxidation of fatty acids and leads to excessive ROS production	(1) Mitochondrial autophagy is inhibited; (2) Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential; (3) mtDNA damage	(1) Chlorogenic acid; (2) Mangiferin; (3) Anthocyanin; (4) Melatonin