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| Natural antioxidant | Source | Chemical formula | Regulation mechanism of MQC | Stress condition | Targeted cells |
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| Panax notoginseng saponins | Panax notoginseng | — | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Upregulates forkhead box O3a and Mn-SOD expression
(3) Upregulates expression of PGC-1 α, LC3-II, and Beclin-1 | Oxidative stress | Cardiomyocytes |
| Astragaloside IV | Astragalus propinquus | C41H68O14 | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Inhibits LDH/creatine kinase MB isoenzyme/CytC release
(3) Increases succinate dehydrogenase and ATPase activities
(4) Induces phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt | Oxidative stress | Cardiomyocytes |
| Cabbage extract | Daucus carota | — | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Enhances SOD-1, cat, and GPX activities
(3) Inhibits MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, and P-38) activation | Oxidative stress | Cardiomyocytes |
| Homoeriodictyol | Citrus limon etc. | C16H14O6 | (1) Activates Nrf2 signalling
(2) Restores MMP level
(3) Inhibits CytC/apoptosis-inducing factor release
(4) Inhibits caspase 3/9 overexpression
(5) Increases the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL | Oxidative stress | HUVECs |
| Tanshinone IIA | Salvia miltiorrhiza | C19H18O3 | (1) Increases mRNA levels of Mfn1 and OPA1
(2) Regulates the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance
(3) Enhances GlO1 expression | Oxidative stress | Bovine retinal endothelial cells |
| Ligustrazine | Ligusticum chuanxiong | C8H12N2 | (1) Inhibits CytC release
(2) Restores the MMP level
(3) Inhibits LDH | Oxidative stress | HUVECs |
| Resveratrol | Polygonum cuspidatum, Vitis vinifera, etc. | C14H12O3 | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Activates TyrRs-PARP1 and AMPK\PCG-α\Sirt3 signalling
(3) Increases protein expression of Mfn1, Mfn2, and Opa1
(4) Regulates the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance
(5) Increases IDH2, GSH-Px, and SOD2 activities | Oxidative stress | HUVECs |
| Luteolin | Lonicera japonica etc. | C15H10O6 | (1) Restores MMP level
(2) Regulates Ca+ homeostasis
(3) Regulates p53 phosphorylation
(4) Adjusts the Bcl-2/Bax ratio
(5) Inhibits CytC release | Oxidative stress | Endothelial cells |
| Grape seed procyanidins | Vitis vinifera | C30H12O6 | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Restores the MMP level
(3) Inhibits 8-OHdG expression
(4) Enhances eNOS and VE-cadherin expression | Oxidative stress | HUVECs |
| Ginseng polysaccharide | Panax ginseng etc. | — | (1) Maintains the level of MMP
(2) Inhibits CytC release
(3) Improves mitochondrial respiratory function and ATP production
(4) Activates risk signalling
(5) Induces glucocorticoid and oestrogen receptor expression and enhances eNOS and iNOS expression | Hypoxia | Endothelial cells |
| Isoquercetin | Hippophae rhamnoides, Crataegus pinnatifida, etc. | C21H20O12 | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Improves the level of mitochondrial energy metabolism
(3) Inhibits CytC release | Hypoxia | Cardiomyocytes |
| Vitex flavonoids | Vitex quinata | — | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Inhibition of abnormal opening of MPTP
(3) Inhibits CytC release and caspase-3 expression
(4) Activates PI3K/Akt signalling
(5) Adjusts the Bcl-2/Bax ratio | Hypoxia | Cardiomyocytes |
| Schisandrin/schisandrin B | Schisandra chinensis, Schisandra sphenanthera | C24H32O6/C23H28O6 | (1) Inhibits abnormal opening of MPTP
(2) Inhibits CytC release
(3) Enhances GSH activity
(4) Increases the cleavage of caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase | Hypoxia | Cardiomyocytes |
| Picroside | Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora | — | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Inhibits abnormal opening of MPTP
(3) Restores the MMP level
(4) Inhibits CytC release
(5) Downregulates caspase-3 expression | Hypoxia | Cardiomyocytes |
| Anthocyanins | Fruits, vegetables | — | (1) Restores the MMP level
(2) Inhibits Bax transport to the nucleus
(3) Inhibits the expression of caspases 3/9 | Hypoxia | Endothelial cells |
| Panax quinquefolium saponin | Panax quinquefolium | — | (1) Inhibits abnormal MPTP opening
(2) Regulates the mitochondrial Bcl-2/Bax ratio
(3) Inhibits CytC release
(4) Downregulates caspases 3/9
(5) Inhibits ROS overproduction | I\R | Cardiomyocytes |
| Ginsenoside Rg5 | Panax | C41H68O12 | (1) Inhibits fatty acid oxidation
(2) Activates Akt signalling
(3) Regulates Drp1 expression
(4) Promotes HK-II mitochondrial binding | I/R | Cardiomyocytes |
| Lycopene | Solanum lycopersicum, Punica granatum, etc. | C40H56 | (1) Inhibits 8-OHdG expression
(2) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(3) Recovers TFAM protein expression | I/R | Cardiomyocytes |
| Cynomorii extract | Cynomorium songaricum | — | (1) Increases mitochondrial ATP production
(2) Enhances the redox cycle of glutathione
(3) Inhibits expression of LDH and caspase-3 | I/R | Cardiomyocytes |
| Quercetin | Hippophae rhamnoides, Crataegus pinnatifida, etc. | C15H10O7 | (1) Restores the MMP level
(2) Inhibits CytC release
(3) Adjusts the Bcl-2/Bax ratio
(4) Inhibits activation of caspases 3/9 | I\R | HUVECs |
| Naringin | Citrus grandis | C27H32O14 | (1) Inhibits p38 and p53 phosphorylation
(2) Restores the MMP level
(3) Inhibits CytC release
(4) Adjusts theBcl-2/Bax ratio
(5) Inhibits activation of caspases 3/8/9 | High glucose | Cardiomyocytes |
| Berberine | Coptis etc. | C20H18NO4 | (1) Regulates the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance
(2) Activates AMPK signalling
(3) Restores mitochondrial autophagy flux
(4) Promotes mitochondrial biosynthesis | High glucose | Cardiomyocytes |
| Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamomum cassia | C9H8O | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Activates TRPA1/Nrf2 signalling
(3) Enhances HO-1, GPx-1, and NQO-1 expression
(4) Upregulates nitrotyrosine, P22, and P47 expression | High glucose | Cardiomyocytes |
| Rosmarinic acid | Rosmarinus | C18H16O8 | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Inhibits abnormal mPTP opening
(3) Inhibits CytC release and caspase-3 activation
(4) Increases STAT3 phosphorylation | High glucose | Cardiomyocytes |
| Resveratrol | Polygonum cuspidatum, Vitis vinifera, etc. | C14H12O3 | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Activates SIRT1 signalling
(3) Upregulates Mn-SOD expression and GSH activity | High glucose | Human coronary artery endothelial cells |
| Obtusifolin | Cassia tora | C16H12O5 | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Inhibits electronic transport chain complex I activity
(3) Regulates SOD and CAT activities | High glucose | HUVECs |
| Polydatin | Polygonum cuspidatum | C20H22O8 | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Restores the MMP level and morphological changes of mitochondria
(3) Increases Akt phosphorylation | High glucose | Endothelial cells |
| Apigenin | Apium graveolens | C15H10O5 | (1) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(2) Recovers mitochondrial complex I activity
(3) Decreases caspase-3 expression
(4) Adjusts miR-103-1-5p and parkin
(5) Regulates mitochondrial autophagy | Inflammation | Cardiomyocytes |
| Ilexonin A | Ilex pubescens | C36H56O11 | (1) Activates Nrf2 signalling
(2) Enhances PSMB5 expression
(3) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(4) Inhibits abnormal mitochondrial fission | Inflammation | Endothelial cells |
| Allicin | Allium sativum | C6H10OS2 | (1) Inhibits ROS/LDH/thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance overproduction
(2) Restores the MMP level
(3) Inhibits CytC release
(4) Inhibits TNF-α and IL-8 expression
(5) Activates LXR-α and Nrf2 signalling | Inflammation | Endothelial cells |
| Melatonin | — | C13H16N2O2 | (1) Inhibits abnormal NF-κB activation
(2) Restores the MMP level
(3) Increases glutathione expression in mitochondria
(4) Inhibits IL-6 and IL-8 expression | Inflammation | Endothelial cells |
| Chlorogenic acid | Lonicera japonica etc. | C16H18O9 | (1) Increases SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1 expression
(2) Inhibits ROS overproduction
(3) Decreases caspase-3 expression
(4) Adjusts the Bcl-2/Bax ratio | Lipid toxicity | Endothelial cells |
| Mangiferin | Mangifera indica | C19H18O11 | (1) Increases pyruvate dehydrogenase activity
(2) Promotes translocation of Akt to HK-II
(3) Inhibits abnormal mPTP opening
(4) Restores the MMP level | Lipid toxicity | Endothelial cells |
| Anthocyanin | Fruits, vegetables | — | (1) Restores the MMP level
(2) Inhibits abnormal mPTP opening
(3) Inhibits CytC release
(4) Decreases caspase-3 and Bax expression | Lipid toxicity | HUVECs |
| Melatonin | | | (1) Activates AMPK/SERCA2a signalling
(2) Inhibits ROS overproduction and Ca+ overload
(3) Regulates Drp1 phosphorylation
(4) Regulates the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance | Lipid toxicity | HUVECs |
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