The Beneficial Impact of the Black Chokeberry Extract against the Oxidative Stress in the Sublingual Salivary Gland of Rats Intoxicated with Cadmium

Table 2

The main and/or interactive effects (ANOVA/MANOVA) of cadmium (Cd) and chokeberry extract (ChE) on the total antioxidative status (TAS), total oxidative status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) of the sublingual salivary gland of female rats^1,2.

Parameter	Duration (months)	1 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE				5 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE
		Cd main effect	ChE main effect	Cd+ChE main effect	Possible character of Cd-ChE interaction	Cd main effect	ChE main effect	Cd+ChE main effect	Possible character of Cd-ChE interaction
TAS	3	NS	NS	9.275^†	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. –21	NS	NS	5.802	Additive action
	10	NS	16.83^‡	NS	No interaction	NS	29.76^‡	NS	No interaction
TOS	3	—	—	—	—	NS	19.26^‡	12.24^†	Antagonistic action; –56 vs.; –56 vs. +39
	10	76.78^‡	25.43^‡	34.58^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. +4.1-fold	32.38^‡	23.21^‡	32.16^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. +3.5-fold
OSI	3	—	—	—	—	NS	10.41^†	8.779^†	Antagonistic action; –53 vs.; –53 vs. +57
	10	45.98^‡	23.71^‡	32.35^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. +3.9-fold	26.60^‡	15.09^‡	22.39^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. +3-fold

¹The results are presented as values and the level of statistical significance (). values having were considered statistically significant (, ^†, and ^‡). NS—.²To estimate the possible character of Cd-ChE interaction, the effect noted at coadministration of cadmium and ChE was compared to the sum of the effects of cadmium and ChE action after their separate administration (Cd+ChE versus Cd effect+ChE effect). ³The values are percentage changes.