The Beneficial Impact of the Black Chokeberry Extract against the Oxidative Stress in the Sublingual Salivary Gland of Rats Intoxicated with Cadmium

Table 3

The main and/or interactive effects (ANOVA/MANOVA) of cadmium (Cd) and chokeberry extract (ChE) on the enzymatic antioxidative barrier and the concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the sublingual salivary gland of female rats^1,2.

Parameter	Duration (months)	1 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE				5 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE
		Cd main effect	ChE main effect	Cd+ChE main effect	Possible character of Cd-ChE interaction	Cd main effect	ChE main effect	Cd+ChE main effect	Possible character of Cd-ChE interaction
SOD	3	—	—	—	—	NS	NS	5.064	Additive action
	10	NS	19.56^‡	25.11^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. –45	NS	NS	7.536	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. –14
CAT	3	5.879	NS	NS	No interaction	6.620	NS	NS	No interaction
	10	—	—	—	—	13.37^†	9.632^†	20.44^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. –63
GPx	3	6.472	NS	8.625^†	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. –52	NS	NS	6.218	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. –42
	10	NS	NS	6.704	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. –38	4.003	6.347^†	22.72^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. –59
GSH	3	—	—	—	—	NS	5.199	NS	No interaction
	10	NS	5.665	NS	No interaction	8.276^†	NS	NS	No interaction

¹The results are presented as values and the level of statistical significance (). values having were considered statistically significant (, ^†, and ^‡). NS—.²To estimate the possible character of Cd-ChE interaction, the effect noted at coadministration of cadmium and ChE was compared to the sum of the effects of cadmium and ChE action after their separate administration (Cd+ChE versus Cd effect+ChE effect). ³The values are percentage changes. GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase.