The Beneficial Impact of the Black Chokeberry Extract against the Oxidative Stress in the Sublingual Salivary Gland of Rats Intoxicated with Cadmium

Table 4

The main and/or interactive effects (ANOVA/MANOVA) of cadmium (Cd) and chokeberry extract (ChE) on the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), protein carbonyl groups (PC), and lipid peroxides (LPO) in the sublingual salivary gland of female rats^1,2.

Parameter	Duration (months)	1 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE				5 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE
		Cd main effect	ChE main effect	Cd+ChE main effect	Possible character of Cd-ChE interaction	Cd main effect	ChE main effect	Cd+ChE main effect	Possible character of Cd-ChE interaction
H2O2	3	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	10	12.97^†	NS	5.085	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. +49	10.79^†	22.29^‡	26.28^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. +53
PC	3	NS	25.49^‡	NS	No interaction	41.72^‡	25.89^‡	NS	No interaction
	10	—	—	—	—	35.37^‡	41.40^‡	34.98^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. +2.2-fold
LPO	3	NS	NS	NS	No interaction	15.28^‡	NS	NS	No interaction
	10	19.51^‡	NS	NS	No interaction	NS	9.662^†	17.12^‡	Antagonistic action; 0 vs.; 0 vs. +23

¹The results are presented as values and the level of statistical significance (). values having were considered statistically significant (, ^†, and ^‡). NS—. ²To estimate the possible character of Cd-ChE interaction, the effect noted at coadministration of cadmium and ChE was compared to the sum of the effects of cadmium and ChE action after their separate administration (Cd+ChE versus Cd effect+ChE effect). ³The values are percentage changes.