The Beneficial Impact of the Black Chokeberry Extract against the Oxidative Stress in the Sublingual Salivary Gland of Rats Intoxicated with Cadmium

Table 5

The main and/or interactive effects (ANOVA/MANOVA) of cadmium (Cd) and chokeberry extract (ChE) on the concentration and content of this heavy metal in the sublingual salivary gland of female rats^1,2.

Level of exposure to Cd	Duration (months)	Cd main effect	ChE main effect	Cd+ChE main effect	Possible character of Cd-ChE interaction
Cd concentration
1 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE	3	167.8^‡	NS	NS	No interaction
	10	112.7^‡	NS	NS	No interaction
5 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE	3	161.5^‡	29.88^‡	26.85^‡	Antagonistic action; 6.6-fold vs.; 6.6-fold vs. +15-fold
	10	171.1^‡	19.83^‡	21.74^‡	Antagonistic action; 8.8-fold vs.; 8.8-fold vs. +18-fold
Cd content
1 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE	3	118.3^‡	NS	NS	No interaction
	10	52.121^‡	NS	4.278	Antagonistic action; 8.4-fold vs.; 8.4-fold vs. +5.2-fold
5 mg Cd/kg diet+ChE	3	98.75^‡	22.68^‡	21.06^‡	Antagonistic action; 7.6-fold vs.; 7.6-fold vs. +19.6-fold
	10	53.33^‡	14.50^‡	13.99^‡	Antagonistic action; 7.9-fold vs.; 7.9-fold vs. +23-fold

¹The results are presented as values and the level of statistical (). values having were considered statistically significant (, ^†, and ^‡). NS—. ²To estimate the possible character of Cd-ChE interaction, the effect noted at coadministration of cadmium and ChE was compared to the sum of the effects of cadmium and ChE action after their separate administration (Cd+ChE versus Cd effect+ChE effect).