[Retracted] The Role of Posttranslational Modification and Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiovascular Diseases

Figure 1

The process of protein SUMOylation. First, the inactive SUMO protein is activated by the action of SENPs. By consuming 1 molecule of ATP, a SUMO protein binds to the E1 activating enzyme. The E2 conjugating enzyme replaces E1 to bind to the SUMO protein. Then, E2 presents the SUMO protein to the E3 ligase, which specifically recognizes the target protein and makes SUMO bind to the Lys residue on the target protein to achieve the goal of protein structural and functional changes. SENPs are also required for the deSUMOylation process.