[Retracted] The Role of Posttranslational Modification and Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiovascular Diseases

Table 1

The relationships between PTMs of mitochondrial proteins and cardiovascaular diseases.

Mitochondrial proteins	PTMs	Upstream regulators	Impacts on mitochondrial quality control	Mechanism	Cardiovascular diseases	Roles in cardiovascular diseases	References
Drp1	SUMOylation	SUMO1	Positive	Induce autophagy	I/R injury	Weaken myocardial I/R intervention	[43]
Drp1	SUMOylation	SENP5	Positive	Inhibit the activation of apoptosis factor	Heart failure	Relieve heart failure	[47]
CypD	Ubiquitination	Parkin	Positive	Inhibit the opening of mPTP	I/R injury	Alleviate heart I/R injury	[56]
OMA1	Ubiquitination	GSK3	Positive	Increase OPA1 expression	Heart failure	Relieve heart failure	[66]
AKAP121	Ubiquitination	ACSL1	Negative	Increase mitochondrial division	Cardiomyopathy	Promote the formation of lipotoxic cardiomyopathy	[64]
Cytochrome C oxidase	Phosphorylation	PKA	Negative	Increase ROS production	I/R injury	Increase myocardial I/R injury	[74, 75]
STAT3	Phosphorylation	Unclear	Positive	Improve the respiration of CI, inhibit the opening of MPTP		Relieve myocardial I/R injury	[77–79]
VDAL	Phosphorylation	HK2	Negative	Promote apoptosis		Aggravate heart I/R injury	[80]
Akt	Phosphorylation	PI3K	Positive	Inhibit the opening of mPTP	Myocardial infarction	Alleviate myocardial infarction	[72, 73]
PINK1	Phosphorylation	AMPKα2	Positive	Induce autophagy	Heart failure	Relieve heart failure	[65]
Drp1	Phosphorylation	PKA	Negative	Increase mitochondrial division		Aggravate heart failure	[85]
GSK3β	Acetylation	SIRT3	Positive	Reduce cardiac fibrosis	Heart failure	Relieve heart failure	[93]
CypD	Acetylation	SIRT3	Negative	Induce the opening of mPTP	Heart failure	Aggravate heart failure	[95]
PGC-1α	Acetylation	SIRT3	Negative	Destroy mitochondrial membrane potential		Aggravate heart failure	[96]
FOXO3a	Acetylation	SIRT3	Negative	Oxidative damage to mitochondria	I/R injury	Aggravate myocardial I/R injury	[102]
P53	Acetylation	SIRT1	Negative	Promote ROS production		Accelerate myocardial I/R injury	[103]
Akt/PDK1	Acetylation	SIRT1	Positive	Prevent Akt/PDK1 from combining with PIP3	Myocardial hypertrophy	Reduce myocardial hypertrophy	[105]
SDH	Succinylation	SIRT5	Positive	Decrease ROS production	Atrial fibrillation	Relieve myocardial I/R injury	[118]
Unknown	Succinylation	Unknown	Negative	Increase ROS production		Accelerate myocardial I/R injury	[120]
ECHA	Succinylation	SIRT5	Unknown	Accelerate oxidation of fatty acids	Myocardial hypertrophy	Weaken myocardial hypertrophy	[115]