Review Article
Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Involvement in Red Blood Cell Damage in Chronic Kidney Disease
Table 1
Markers of oxidative stress determined in saliva, plasma, and red blood cells in CKD.
| Patients | Marker | Increase ↑/decrease ↓ | Reference |
| Saliva (NWS) | | | | CRF (not requiring dialysis) vs. ESRD (peritoneal dialysis) | UA | ↓ | [117] | TAS | ↓ | GPx | ↑ | SOD | ↑ | Pediatric patients with CKD vs. healthy controls | UA | ↑ | [118] | GSH | ↓ | CAT | — | GPx | — | SOD | ↑ | TAS | — | AGE | ↑ | AOPP | ↑ | MDA | ↑ | Plasma | CRF (not requiring dialysis) vs. ESRD (peritoneal dialysis) | UA | ↓ | [117] | TAS | ↑ | Pediatric patients with CKD vs. healthy controls | UA | ↑ | [118] | GSH | ↓ | CAT | — | GPx | — | SOD | ↑ | TAS | ↑ | AGE | ↑ | AOPP | ↑ | MDA | ↑ | CRF (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls | GPx | ↓ | [119] | GR | ↓ | TBARS | ↑ | AOPP | ↑ | Carbonyl | ↑ | CRF (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls | TAS | ↑ | [120] | Red blood cells | ESRD (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls | SOD | ↓ | [121] | CAT | ↑ | GPx | — | CRF (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls | SOD | ↓ | [119] | GSH | ↓ | GPx | — | ESRD (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls | SOD | ↓ | [122] | CAT | ↓ | GPx | ↓ | TBARS | ↑ |
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NWS: nonstimulated saliva; AGE: advanced glycation end products; AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products; carbonyl: carbonyl group; CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced glutathione; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAS: total oxidant status; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; UA: uric acid.
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