Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Involvement in Red Blood Cell Damage in Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 1

Markers of oxidative stress determined in saliva, plasma, and red blood cells in CKD.

Patients	Marker	Increase ↑/decrease ↓	Reference
Saliva (NWS)
CRF (not requiring dialysis) vs. ESRD (peritoneal dialysis)	UA	↓	[117]
	TAS	↓
	GPx	↑
	SOD	↑
Pediatric patients with CKD vs. healthy controls	UA	↑	[118]
	GSH	↓
	CAT	—
	GPx	—
	SOD	↑
	TAS	—
	AGE	↑
	AOPP	↑
	MDA	↑
Plasma
CRF (not requiring dialysis) vs. ESRD (peritoneal dialysis)	UA	↓	[117]
	TAS	↑
Pediatric patients with CKD vs. healthy controls	UA	↑	[118]
	GSH	↓
	CAT	—
	GPx	—
	SOD	↑
	TAS	↑
	AGE	↑
	AOPP	↑
	MDA	↑
CRF (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls	GPx	↓	[119]
	GR	↓
	TBARS	↑
	AOPP	↑
	Carbonyl	↑
CRF (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls	TAS	↑	[120]
Red blood cells
ESRD (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls	SOD	↓	[121]
	CAT	↑
	GPx	—
CRF (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls	SOD	↓	[119]
	GSH	↓
	GPx	—
ESRD (treated by hemodialysis) vs. healthy controls	SOD	↓	[122]
	CAT	↓
	GPx	↓
	TBARS	↑

NWS: nonstimulated saliva; AGE: advanced glycation end products; AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products; carbonyl: carbonyl group; CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: reduced glutathione; MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TAS: total oxidant status; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; UA: uric acid.