Uremic Toxins, Oxidative Stress, Atherosclerosis in Chronic Kidney Disease, and Kidney Transplantation

Figure 1

Factors potentially contributing to atherosclerosis in CKD. CRP: C-reactive protein; NO: nitric oxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MDA: malondialdehyde; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; FGF23: fibroblast growth factor 23; Pi: phosphates; PTH: parathyroid hormone; 1,25(OH)2D3: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Lp(a): lipoprotein a; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CKD-MBD: chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder.