Hydrogen Sulfide in Skin Diseases: A Novel Mediator and Therapeutic Target

Table 1

Summary of the regulatory effects of different H₂S donors on various skin cell types/tissues.

Cells/tissues	Target	H2S donor(s)	Effects	Ref.
Cutaneous vessels	COX and NO vasodilatory signalling pathway	NaHS and Na2S	Vasodilatation	[17]
HaCaT cells	p38, MAPK, ERK, and NF-κB pathways	NaHS	Inhibit the TNF-α-mediated upregulation of NO, IL-6, and IL-8	[7]
HaCaT cells	ROS-activated NF-κB/COX-2 signalling pathway	NaHS	Inhibit chemical hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation	[43]
HaCaT cells	Autophagy	NaHS	Promote proliferation and differentiation	[25]
Endothelial progenitor cell	Angiopoietin-1	NaHS and 4-hydroxythiobenzamide	Improve diabetic wound healing	[47]
Mouse skin	NETs and ROS-induced MAPK, ERK1/2, and p38 signaling pathways	Na2S	Improve diabetic wound healing	[51]
Ischemic mouse adductor muscle	VEGF, EGF, PDGF, HIF-1α, and eNOS	Na2S	Promote ischemic diabetic wound healing	[52]
Granulation tissues	VEGF	NaHS-containing ointment	Accelerate diabetic wound healing	[53]
Primary human epidermal melanocytes	Melanogenic enzymes (MITF, TYR, and TRP-1)	NaHS	Promote cell proliferation and melanin synthesis	[8]
Skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes	ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential	NaHS	Accelerate wound healing and improve blood flow	[65]
Oral mucosa, peritoneal macrophages, and RAW264.7 cells	NF-κB signalling pathway	GYY4137	Inhibit mucosal wound inflammation and accelerate wound healing	[66]
Skin fibroblast cell lines (AG11395 and AG12795)	mTOR pathway	NaHS	Restore a normal morphologic phenotype	[74]
Mouse skin and lung	α-Smooth muscle actin, collagen-I, collagen-III, fibronectin, TGF-β1, Smad2/3	NaHS	Alleviate the severity of systemic sclerosis-associated skin and lung fibrosis	[75]
A375 human melanoma	NF-κB, AKT/ERK pathways	DATS	Inhibit melanoma proliferation, invasion, and metastasis	[10]
B16- F10 cells	AKT/ERK pathway	CSE substrate L-cysteine or DATS	Inhibit tumour growth	[10]
A375 and SK-MEL-28 human melanoma	PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway	NaHS	Inhibit tumour growth, migration, and cell cycle	[9]
A375 and basal cell carcinoma cells	Cytosolic Ca^2+, ROS, and mitochondrial membrane potential	DATS	Inhibit tumour growth	[77]
A375 human melanoma	Integrin/FAK pathway	DATS	Inhibit cell migration and invasion	[78]
A375 human melanoma	Caspase 3	Naproxen-HBTA	Suppress human melanoma cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation	[79]