Impaired Autophagy Induced by oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI Complex through PI3K/AKT/mTOR and eNOS Signaling Pathways Contributes to Endothelial Cell Dysfunction

Figure 3

OxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex disrupts the autophagic flux in endothelial cells. HUVECs and bEnd.3 cells were incubated in the presence or absence of oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex for 24 h. CQ (1 μM), a lysosome inhibitor, was added 4 h before oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex treatment. Western blotting analysis and quantification of p62 and LC3-IIin HUVECs (a) and bEnd.3 cells (b). Representative images (magnification, ×600) of RFP-GFP-LC3 puncta in HUVECs (c) and bEnd.3 cells (d). Yellow puncta (RFP⁺ and GFP⁺) represents autophagosomes, and red puncta (RFP⁺ and GFP^-) represents autolysosomes. Scale bar: 20 μm. , , , and indicate statistically significant differences. ns: nonsignificant differences. All values are denoted as from three independent experiments (), and a representative blot/image was shown.

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