The Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Quercetin on Metabolic Diseases: Pharmacological Data and Clinical Evidence

Figure 2

Quercetin can improve diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and NAFLD by modulating the marked targets. ↑ indicates increase and ↓ indicates decrease; → indicates stimulatory effect and indicates inhibitory effect. In the upper right corner, a represents the effect of quercetin on diabetes, b represents the effect of quercetin on hyperlipidemia, and c represents the effect of quercetin on NAFLD. ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; Abcg5: ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5; Acaca: acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α; Akt: protein kinase B; Aldh1b1: aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member B1; AMPK: adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; Apoa4: apolipoprotein A-IV; ATF-6α: activating transcriptional factor 6α; CAT: catalase; CD36: cluster of differentiation 36; cGMP: cyclic 3,5-guanosine monophosphate; CHOP: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; CYP2E1: cytochrome P450 2E1; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FABP1: fatty acid-binding protein 1; FAS: fatty acid synthase; FAT/CD36: fatty acid translocase CD36; FATP5: fatty acid transport protein 5; FFAs: free fatty acids; FOXA1: forkhead box protein A1; FXR1: farnesoid X receptor 1; FAS: fatty acid synthase; FBPase: fructose-bisphosphatase; Fnta: farnesyltransferase CAAX box α; G6Pase: glucose-6-phosphate; G3PDH: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; G6PDH: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GCK: glucokinase; GLUT4: glucose transporter type 4; Gpam: glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mitochondrial; GR: glutathione reductase; GRP78: glucose regulated protein 78; GSH: glutathione; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Hmgb1: high-mobility group box 1; HMG-CoA reductase: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; Ikk-β: inhibitor κB kinase β; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; IL-6: interleukin-6; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; InsR: insulin receptor; IRE1α: inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α; IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate-1; JNK: c-Jun-NH₂ terminal kinase; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LXRα: liver X receptor α; MDA: malondialdehyde; MPO: myeloperoxidase; MSR1: macrophage scavenger receptor 1; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; NO: nitric oxide; NPC1L1: Niemann-Pick C1-like 1; OPN: osteopontin; ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; P38 MAPK: P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; PEPCK: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; PERK: protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; PI3K: phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase; Pon1: paraoxonase1; PPARα: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; Ptgs2: cyclooxygenase-2; PTP-1B: phosphatase-1B; Ser9: phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β; SHP: small heterodimer partner; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; SOCS3: suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SREBP-1c: sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TGR5: Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5; TLR-4: Toll-like receptor-4; TNFR: tumor necrosis factor receptor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR2: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein; XBP1s: X-box-binding protein 1.