|
| Compounds | Mechanisms and targets | Ref. |
|
| Other phenols (20) |
| Creosol | Antiexcitotoxicity; Ca2+ influx↓ | [243] |
| Curcumin | Antiautophagy: PI3K/Akt/mTOR↑; anti-inflammation: TLR4/p38/MAPK↓; antiapoptosis; GLUT1 and GLUT3↑; neurogenesis: Notch signaling pathway↑; antioxidation: Akt/Nrf2↑; mitochondrial protection: SIRT1↑; BBB protection | [10, 96, 244–249] |
| Cannabidiol | BBB protection; anti-inflammation; Na+/Ca2+ exchangers↑; antiapoptosis; antiexcitotoxicity; metabolic derangement↓ | [250–252] |
| Hydroxytyrosol | Anti-inflammation; BDNF↑ | [253] |
| Acteoside | Antioxidation; antiapoptosis | [254] |
| Hydroquinone | BBB protection: SMI-71↑, GLUT-1↑, ZO-1↓, occludin degradation↓ | [255] |
| Lyciumamide A | Antioxidation: PKCε/Nrf2/HO-1↑; antiapoptosis | [256] |
| Oleuropein | Antiapoptosis: Bcl-2/Bax↑, Akt↑/GSK3β↓ | [257, 258] |
| Salidroside | Anti-inflammation: microglial M2 polarization↑, PI3K↑/PKB↑/Nrf2↑/NF-κB↓, PI3K/Akt/HIFα↑; antiapoptosis: BDNF/PI3K/Akt↑; complement C3 activation↓; Egrs expression↑ | [71, 259–264] |
| 6-Shogaol | Anti-inflammation: CysLT1R↓, MAPK↓ | [265] |
| 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol | Antioxidation | [266] |
| 4-Methoxy benzyl alcohol | BBB protection: NOS pathway↓, AQP-4↓, tight junction↑ | [267] |
| Cinnamophilin | Gray and white matter damage↓ | [268] |
| Hyperforin | TRPC6/MEK/Erk/CREB↑; TRPC6/CaMKIV/CREB↑ | [269] |
| Punicalagin | Antioxidation; anti-inflammation; antiapoptosis | [270, 271] |
| Caffeic acid | Antioxidation; anti-inflammation: 5-LOX↓; loss of neuronal cells↓; synaptic density and plasticity↑ | [80, 272] |
| Ferulic acid | Peroxiredoxin-2↑; thioredoxin↑ | [273] |
| Gallic acid | Antiapoptosis and mitochondrial protection: Erk↑/cyclophilin D↓/mPTP↓ | [99, 274] |
| Rosmarinic acid | Anti-inflammation: HMGB1/NF-κB↓; synaptogenic activity↑; BDNF↑; BBB protection | [275, 276] |
| Salvianolic acid A | Antioxidation; anti-inflammation; metabolic dysfunction↓ | [277] |
|
