Serum Sulfhydryl Groups, Malondialdehyde, Uric Acid, and Bilirubin as Predictors of Adverse Outcome in Heart Failure Patients due to Ischemic or Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

Table 3

Clinical and laboratory parameters as risk factors for death or OHT of patients with ICM in a 1-year follow-up. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression analysis.

	Univariable Cox regression analysis			Multivariable Cox regression analysis (complete data, )
		HR	95% CI		HR	95% CI
General characteristics
Female (yes/no)	0.721	1.113	0.618-2006
Age (years)	0.861	0.998	0.972-1.024
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.134	0.959	0.908-1.013
Duration of symptoms before inclusion (months)	0.233	1.003	0.998-1.007
NYHA class (by one)	<0.001	2.396	1.774-3.237	0.559	1.143	0.730-1.798
Max VO2 (by 1 mL/min/kg)	<0.001	0.849	0.802-0.899	0.044	0.923	0.854-0.998
LVEDD (mm)	0.030	1.027	1.003-1.051
LVEDV (mL)	<0.001	1.005	1.002-1.007
LVEF (by 1%)	<0.001	0.868	0.835-0.903	<0.001	0.881	0.831-0.934
Basic biochemistry
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	0.906	0.992	0.871-1.130
Iron concentration (μmol/L)	0.012	0.960	0.930-0.991	0.052	0.957	0.915-1.000
Creatinine (μmol/L)	0.007	1.005	1.001-1.010	0.992	1.000	0.993-1.007
Serum protein (g/L)	0.226	1.021	0.987-1.056
Albumin (g/L)	0.019	0.940	0.892-0.990	0.318	0.961	0.889-1.039
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	0.060	1.098	0.996-1.212
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	0.738	0.970	0.814-1.157
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.417	0.886	0.660-1.188
Cholesterol HDL (mmol/L)	0.008	0.423	0.224-0.797	0.578	0.817	0.401-1.665
Cholesterol LDL (mmol/L)	0.369	1.094	0.899-1.332
NT-proBNP (100 pg/mL)	<0.001	1.017	1.011-1.023	0.322	1.005	0.995-1.014
Comorbidities
Diabetes (yes/no)	0.025	1.663	1.064-2.599	0.978	0.993	0.588-1.677
Arterial hypertension (yes/no)	0.196	0.745	0.477-1.163
Atrial fibrillation (yes/no)	0.123	1.481	0.899-2.438
ICD presence (yes/no)	<0.001	0.133	0.049-0.363	<0.001	0.130	0.040-0.422
Smoker (yes/no)	0.586	0.879	0.553-1.397
Treatment
Beta-blockers (yes/no)	0.840	1.226	0.171-8.801
ACE inhibitors (yes/no)	0.033	0.542	0.308-0.951	0.493	0.795	0.412-1.532
ARB (yes/no)	0.467	0.751	0.347-1.625
Loop diuretics (yes/no)	0.002	5.923	1.873-18.729	0.867	1.112	0.319-3.877
Thiazide diuretics (yes/no)	0.158	1.529	0.848-2.745
MRA (yes/no)	0.166	1.893	0.767-4.667
Statins (yes/no)	0.175	0.714	0.439-1.162
Fibrates (yes/no)	0.500	0.617	0.152-2.509
Digitalis (yes/no)	0.035	1.567	1.032-2.380	0.416	0.803	0.473-1.363
XO inhibitors (yes/no)	0.345	1.237	0.796-1.922
Oxidative stress parameters
TAC (mmol/L)	0.469	1.518	0.490-4.698
TOS (mmol/L)	0.700	1.015	0.942-1.093
OSI (TOS/TAC)	0.717	1.014	0.940-1.094
Uric acid (10 μmol/L)	<0.001	1.003	1.002-1.004	0.015	1.024	1.005-1.044
Bilirubin (μmol/L)	<0.001	1.026	1.011-1.041	0.569	0.994	0.972-1.016
MDA (μmol/L)	<0.001	2.125	1.493-3.023	0.004	2.202	1.296-3.741
MDA/PSH ratio	0.036	1.617	1.032-2.532	0.334	0.671	0.298-1.508

BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; max VO₂: maximum oxygen uptake; LVEDD: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV: left ventricle end-diastolic volume; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; ACE inhibitor: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; XO: xanthine oxidase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TOS: total oxidant status; MDA: malondialdehyde; PSH: sulfhydryl groups.