Serum Sulfhydryl Groups, Malondialdehyde, Uric Acid, and Bilirubin as Predictors of Adverse Outcome in Heart Failure Patients due to Ischemic or Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

Table 4

Clinical and laboratory parameters as risk factors for death or OHT of patients with nICM in a 1-year follow-up. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression analysis.

	Univariable Cox regression analysis			Multivariable Cox regression analysis (complete data, )
		HR	95% CI		HR	95% CI
General characteristics
Male (yes/no)	0.699	1.184	0.502-2.793
Age (years)	0.286	1.014	0.988-1.041
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.012	0.923	0.867-0.982	0.772	1.013	0.928-1.106
Duration of symptoms before inclusion (months)	0.033	1.005	1.001-1.009	0.179	1.005	0.998-1.012
NYHA class	<0.001	3.879	2.517-5.978	0.144	1.687	0.837-3.400
Maximum measured VO2 (by 1 mL/min/kg b.m.)	<0.001	0.826	0.762-0.896	0.121	0.919	0.825-1.023
LVEDD (mm)	0.714	0.995	0.969-1.022
LVEDV (mL)	0.101	1.003	1.000-1.006
LVEF (by 1%)	0.886	0.997	0.961-1.035
Basic biochemistry
Hemoglobin (mmol/L)	0.987	1.001	0.841-1.193
Iron concentration (μmol/L)	0.651	0.993	0.962-1.024
Creatinine (μmol/L)	0.039	1.008	1.000-1.016	0.703	0.997	0.982-1.012
Serum protein (g/L)	0.256	1.027	0.981-1.074
Albumin (g/L)	0.053	0.938	0.879-1.001
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	0.491	1.059	0.899-1.248
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	0.918	0.988	0.778-1.254
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.329	0.844	0.601-1.187
Cholesterol HDL (mmol/L)	0.645	0.865	0.468-1.601
Cholesterol LDL (mmol/L)	0.588	1.086	0.805-1.466
NT-proBNP (100 pg/mL)	<0.001	1.021	1.015-1.027	<0.001	1.019	1.008-1.031
Comorbidities
Diabetes (yes/no)	0.405	1.334	0.677-2.626
Arterial hypertension (yes/no)	0.885	0.958	0.536-1.711
Atrial fibrillation (yes/no)	0.586	1.181	0.649-2.149
ICD presence (yes/no)	<0.001	0.080	0.019-0.331	0.009	0.180	0.050-0.645
Smoker (yes/no)	0.342	0.745	0.406-1.367
Treatment
Beta-blockers (yes/no)	0.037	0.287	0.089-0.926	0.895	0.838	0.060-11.629
ACE inhibitors (yes/no)	<0.001	0.334	0.178-0.627	0.446	0.657	0.223-1.935
ARB (yes/no)	0.662	1.211	0.513-2.856
Loop diuretics (yes/no)	0.249	3.206	0.442-23.253
Thiazide diuretics (yes/no)	<0.001	3.685	2.023-6.713	0.027	2.702	1.117-6.535
MRA (yes/no)	0.034	0.368	0.146-0.929	0.884	0.876	0.150-5.132
Statins (yes/no)	0.100	0.605	0.333-1.102
Fibrates (yes/no)	0.526	0.527	0.073-3.823
Digitalis (yes/no)	0.306	1.363	0.754-2.463
XO inhibitors (yes/no)	0.767	0.992	0.939-1.048
Oxidative stress parameters
TAC (mmol/L)	0.019	5.454	1.325-22.444	0.547	0.334	0.009-11.841
TOS (mmol/L)	0.037	1.099	1.006-1.201	0.221	0.883	0.723-1.078
OSI (TOS/TAC)	0.590	1.019	0.953-1.089
Uric acid (10 μmol/L)	0.010	1.025	1.006-1.045	0.268	1.019	0.985-1.054
Bilirubin (μmoL/L)	<0.001	1.034	1.019-1.049	0.026	1.034	1.004-1.064
PSH (μmol/g of protein)	0.146	0.851	0.685-1.058
MDA (μmol/L)	0.032	1.823	1.052-3.160	0.326	1.665	0.603-4.602
MDA/PSH ratio	<0.001	3.414	2.047-5.695	0.034	3.360	1.096-10.302

BMI: body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; max VO₂: maximum oxygen uptake; LVEDD: left ventricle end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV: left ventricle end-diastolic volume; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; ACE inhibitor: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; XO: xanthine oxidase; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; TOS: total oxidant status; MDA: malondialdehyde; PSH: sulfhydryl groups.