Pentoxifylline Enhances Antioxidative Capability and Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice by Increasing Nrf2 and PGC-1α through the cAMP-CREB Pathway

Figure 6

Effects of PTX administration on mitochondrial biogenesis in the hippocampus of D-gal-induced aging Nrf2-deficient mice. Using EM, mitochondrial ultrastructure images were collected from the (a) WT-CON, (b) KO-CON, (c) KO-D-gal, and (d) KO-D-gal-PTX groups.  nm. Quantitative morphometric measurements of the average level of (e) mitochondrial number and (f) mitochondrial size based on an analysis of 5 images per sample from each group (). (g) mtDNA copy number was tested to measure mitochondrial content among the four groups (). Data are expressed as the and .

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)