Astaxanthin-Mediated Bacterial Lethality: Evidence from Oxidative Stress Contribution and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Figure 8

Involvement of hydroxyl radical in astaxanthin (4x MIC) mediated lethality on (a) B. cereus, (b) S. aureus, (c) E. coli, and (d) P. aeruginosa, in the presence of 2,2-dipyridyl (500 μmol/L).

(a)

(b)

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(d)