Astaxanthin-Mediated Bacterial Lethality: Evidence from Oxidative Stress Contribution and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Table 4

MIC and MBC of astaxanthin against Gram-positive (S. aureus and B. cereus) and Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) strains.

Bacterial strain	Ciprofloxacin (μg/ml)		Novobiocin (μg/ml)		Astaxanthin (μg/ml)
	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC	MIC	MBC
Bacillus cereus	0.125	0.5	0.25	32	16	32
Escherichia coli	0.125	0.5	0.25	32	16	32
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	0.125	0.5	0.125	32	16	32
Staphylococcus aureus	0.125	0.25	16	64	8	32