Tackling of Renal Carcinogenesis in Wistar Rats by Silybum marianum Total Extract, Silymarin, and Silibinin via Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Nrf2, PPARγ, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways

Figure 2

H&E-stained kidney sections photomicrographs of normal control and DEN/AAF/CCl₄-administered rats. There were no histological changes that have been observed in normal control rats ((a); 400x). On contrary, the DEN/AAF/CCl₄-administered rats exhibited congestion of renal blood vessel (short arrow) ((b); 400x), focal necrosis of renal tubules associated with inflammatory cell infiltration (long arrow) (b, c), thickening of the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule (short arrow) ((c); 400x), vacuolation of the renal tubular epithelium (short arrow), periglomerular inflammatory cell infiltration (long arrow) and congestion of glomerular tuft ((d); 400c), interstitial nephritis (long arrow) (e, f), and dysplastic renal tubules with karyomegalic nuclei (short arrow) ((f); 1000x).

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