Tackling of Renal Carcinogenesis in Wistar Rats by Silybum marianum Total Extract, Silymarin, and Silibinin via Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, Nrf2, PPARγ, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways

Table 4

Effects of STE, Sm, and Sb on kidney total thiol and GSH contents as well as GR and GST activities in DEN/AAF/CCl₄-administered rats.

Groups	Total thiol (nmole/100mg tissue)	GSH (nmole/100mg tissue)	GR (mU/100mg tissue)	GST (U/100mg tissue)
Normal control	217.40 ± 11.43	62.51 ± 4.55	307.60 ± 9.07	455.00 ± 10.83
Control DEN	116.40 ± 5.04	32.20 ± 3.34	75.44 ± 5.00	218.90 ± 18.28
STE+DEN/AAF/CCl4	214.60 ± 11.14^###	57.28 ± 3.86^###	300.50 ± 13.70^###	431.40 ± 31.49^###
Sm+DEN/AAF/CCl4	195.90 ± 12.85^###	51.41 ± 4.01^#	269.30 ± 13.76^###	421.30 ± 8.14^###
Sb+DEN/AAF/CCl4	200.60 ± 14.33^###	52.83 ± 4.57^##	299.90 ± 7.83^###	427.90 ± 19.24^###
DEN/AAF/CCl4+STE	218.10 ± 15.27^###	54.51 ± 2.69^##	286.70 ± 17.29^###	424.50 ± 30.16^###
DEN/AAF/CCl4+Sm	199.40 ± 13.81^###	52.50 ± 4.01^##	284.00 ± 16.62^###	395.90 ± 15.24^###
DEN/AAF/CCl4+Sb	204.60 ± 9.57^###	54.77 ± 2.42^##	295.20 ± 10.80^###	390.10 ± 18.94^###

Data are presented as . The number of detected rats is six. , , and were significant as compared with normal control rats, and ^#, ^##, and ^### were significant as compared with the DEN/AAF/CCl₄-administered group. STE+DEN/AAF/CCl₄, Sm+DEN/AAF/CCl₄, and Sb+DEN/AAF/CCl₄: groups orally treated with STE, Sm, and Sb, respectively, from the 1^st week of DEN injection; DEN/AAF/CCl₄+STE, DEN/AAF/CCl₄+Sm, and DEN/AAF/CCl₄+Sb: groups orally treated with STE, Sm, and Sb, respectively, from the 16^th week of DEN injection.