Data-Driven Cluster Analysis of Oxidative Stress Indexes in relation to Vitamin D Level, Age, and Metabolic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes on Metformin Therapy

Table 4

Vitamin D and oxidative biomarker ratios in relation to cluster analysis.

Ratio^†	Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	^1
Vitamin D/MPO	0.55 (0.41-0.75)	0.79^b,c (0.5-1.13)	0.49 (0.3-0.74)	0.40 (0.30-0.61)	0.011
Vitamin D/XO	2.04^a (1.67-2.82)	2.86^b,c (1.87-5.03)	1.77 (1.31-2.33)	1.62 (1.35-2.24)	0.001
Vitamin D/AOPP	0.43^a,c (0.2-0.52)	0.62 (0.22-0.86)	0.38 (0.2-0.51)	0.37 (0.21-0.5)	0.141
Vitamin D/MDA	17.41 (14.36-20.19)	29.67^b,c (22.59-40.11)	14.27 (8.83-20.3)	12.47 (8.65-18.16)	<0.001
Vitamin D/CAT	66.55 (56.36-72.11)	92.01^b,c (77.69-118.93)	58.39 (45.07-70.9)	59.47 (42.96-71.43)	<0.001
Vitamin D/NOx	1.18 (0.8-1.59)	1.41^c (1.08-1.86)	0.87 (0.65-1.29)	0.95 (0.74-1.26)	0.002
Vitamin D/TOC	5.95 (0.67-24.59)	12.2 (1.42-19.52)	5.36 (0.54-17.21)	2.93 (0.59-11.06)	0.081
Vitamin D/TRC	489.56^b,c (317.73-687.34)	599.49^b,c (411.29-809.45)	250.33 (148.98-373.19)	312.33 (224.67-539.03)	<0.001
Vitamin D/GGT	2.89^a,c (1.95-4.51)	4.72 (3.95-5.48)	2.61 (1.69-3.67)	2.01 (1.13-3.03)	<0.001
Vitamin D/albumin	1.21^a (0.99-1.3)	1.59 (1.39-2.14)	0.97^c (0.8-1.21)	1.03 (0.8-1.22)	<0.001

¹Kruskal-Wallis test; ^avs. cluster 2; ^bvs. cluster 3; ^cvs. cluster 4; ^†median (25^th–75^th percentile).