GDF-11 Protects the Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord by Suppressing Pyroptosis and Necroptosis via TFE3-Mediated Autophagy Augmentation

Figure 2

GDF-11 attenuates pyroptosis following spinal cord injury. (a) Immunofluorescence staining for Caspase-1 and NeuN colocalization in the spinal cords of the GDF-11, SCI, and sham groups (scale ). (b) The quantitative mean optical density of Caspase-1 in neurons of spinal cord lesions. (c) Immunofluorescence staining for GSDMD and NeuN colocalization in the spinal cords of the GDF-11, SCI, and sham groups (scale ). (d) The quantitative average optical density of GSDMD within neurons of spinal cord lesions. (e) Western blot assay for IL-18, IL-1β, GSDMD, Caspase-1, ASC, NLRP3, and NLRP1 expression levels in the three groups. Gels were subjected to identical experimental conditions, with cropped blots presented. (f) Optical densities of the IL-18, IL-1β, GSDMD, Caspase-1, ASC, NLRP3, and NLRP1 expression levels were quantified and investigated in the respective groups. Data are expressed as the , per group. vs. the sham group. and vs. the SCI group.

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