GDF-11 Protects the Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord by Suppressing Pyroptosis and Necroptosis via TFE3-Mediated Autophagy Augmentation

Figure 3

GDF-11 inhibits necroptosis following spinal cord injury. (a) Immunofluorescence staining for RIPK1 and NeuN colocalization in the spinal cords of the GDF-11, SCI, and sham groups (scale ). (b) Quantification of the optical density of RIPK1 in neurons of spinal cord lesions. (c) Immunofluorescence staining for RIPK3 and NeuN colocalization in spinal cords belonging to the GDF-11, SCI, and sham groups (scale ). (d) Quantification of the optical density of RIPK3 in neurons of spinal cord lesions. (e) Western blot assay for Caspase-8, MLKL, RIPK3, and RIPK1 expression levels in the GDF-11, SCI, and sham groups. Gels were subjected to identical experimental conditions, with cropped blots presented. (f) Optical densities of Caspase-8, MLKL, RIPK3, and RIPK1 expression levels were quantified and investigated in the respective groups. Data are expressed as the , per group. vs. the sham group. and vs. the SCI group.

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