GDF-11 Protects the Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord by Suppressing Pyroptosis and Necroptosis via TFE3-Mediated Autophagy Augmentation

<div>GDF-11 activates TFE3 through the AMPK-TRPML1-calcineurin signalling pathway. (a) Western blot assay showing the cytoplasmic expression levels of p-mTOR, mTOR, p-AMPK, AMPK, TRPML1, and calcineurin, normalized to GAPDH as an internal control; nuclear expression of TFE3, normalized to histone H3 as an internal control. (b) Optical densities of TRPML1, p-mTOR, mTOR, p-AMPK, AMPK, calcineurin, and nuclear TFE3. (c) Western blot assay showing the expression levels of Caspase-1, GSDMD, RIPK1, RIPK3, p62, and LC3II normalized to GAPDH as an internal control. (d) Optical densities of Caspase-1, GSDMD, RIPK1, RIPK3, p62, and LC3II. 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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

fig9

Figure 9

Figure 9: GDF-11 Protects the Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord by Suppressing Pyroptosis and Necroptosis via TFE3-Mediated Autophagy Augmentation 