Stimulation of Sigma-1 Receptor Protects against Cardiac Fibrosis by Alleviating IRE1 Pathway and Autophagy Impairment

Figure 9

Schematic representation of Sig1R protecting against cardiac fibrosis by regulating IRE1 pathway and autophagic flux. In pressure-overload-induced cardiac fibrosis or TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibroblast activation triggers the ER stress and autophagy impairment. Stimulation of Sig1R with fluvoxamine in TAC mice or activated cardiac fibroblasts primed with TGF-β1 reduces fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression and cardiac fibrosis.