Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis and New Treatment Perspectives

Table 1

Changes in oxidative stress-related markers in schizophrenia.

Parameters	Reviews			Meta-analyses
	Yao J. K. and M. S. Keshavan, 2011 [35]	Boskovic M. et al., 2011 [36]	Koga M. et al., 2016 [37]	Zhang M. et al., 2010 [38]	Flatow J. et al., 2013 [40]	Fraguas D. et al., 2017 [43]	Fraguas D. et al., 2019 [45]	Carvalho A. F. et al., 2020 [46]
Nonenzymatic antioxidant system
Bilirubin	↓		↓
Biopyrrins^α	↑		↓↑
Thioredoxin	↑		↓↑
Uric acid	↓	↓	↓		↓^ν ↓^σ		N.S.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)^α	↓	↓	↓		↓^σ
Tocopherol (vitamin E)^α	↓	↓	↓		↓^σ
Pyridoxal (vitamin B6)								↓
Folate (vitamin B9)								↓
Glutathione^β	↓		↓			N.S.	N.S.
Free thiols	↓		↓
PUFAs^γ	↓		↓				↓^ν	↓
Enzymatic antioxidant system
Superoxide dismutase^δ	↓↑	↓↑	↓↑	↓	↓^μ ↓^ν ↓^π ↓^σ	N.S.	N.S.
Catalase^δ	↓	↓	↓↑	N.S.	↓^μ ↓^ν ↑^π ↓^σ	N.S.	N.S.
Glutathione peroxidase^δ	↓↑	↓	↓↑	N.S.	↓^μ N.S.^ν N.S.^π ↓^σ	N.S.	N.S.
Glutathione reductase^δ		↓	↑
Glutathione transferase^δ			↑
Free radical oxidation product markers
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)^ε	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑^ν ↑^π ↑^σ		N.S.	↑
Lipid peroxides	↑
Pentane^θ	↑		↑
Ethane^θ	↑		↑
Isoprostanes^θ	↑
Carbonyl groups		↑	↑
4-Hydroxynonenal	↑		↑
3-Nitrotyrosine	↑	↑	↑
8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine^λ		↑
Other markers
NO	↑	↑		↑	↓^ν ↑^π
Nitric oxide synthase^δ	↓↑		↓↑
Homocysteine		↑					↑^ν
Xanthine oxidase^δ		↑
Total antioxidant capacity			↓
The ferric reducing ability of plasma			↓
Total antioxidant potential			↓
Total oxidant status		N.S.
Total antioxidant status	↓		↓		↓^ν	N.S.	↓^ν

Notes. Data are for plasma/serum unless otherwise indicated. ^αIn plasma/serum or urine. ^βIn plasma/serum, red blood cells, or brain tissues. ^γIn red blood cell membrane. ^δIn plasma/serum, red blood cells, platelets, or postmortem brain. ^εIn blood, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, or red blood cells. ^θIn exhaled air. ^λIn urine or postmortem brain. ^μAcute relapse of psychosis. ^νDrug-naïve first-episode psychosis. ^πStable medicated outpatients. ^σChronic inpatients. Abbreviations: PUFAs = polyunsaturated fatty acids. NO = nitric oxide. N.S. = not significant.