Hydromorphone Protects against CO₂ Pneumoperitoneum-Induced Lung Injury via Heme Oxygenase-1-Regulated Mitochondrial Dynamics

Figure 7

The protective mechanism of hydromorphone in CO₂ pneumoperitoneum-induced lung injury. Pneumoperitoneum can induce oxidation and inflammatory damage in lung tissues. Excessive ROS production shifts the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission in favor of increased fission, which impairs mitochondrial morphology and function. Hydromorphone pretreatment can increase the levels of HO-1 while preserving mitochondrial dynamics and improving mitochondrial function to protect against CO₂ pneumoperitoneum-induced lung injury. ROS: reactive oxygen species; Mfn1: mitofusin 1; Mfn2: mitofusin 2; OPA1: optic atrophy type 1; Fis1: fission 1; Drp1: dynamin-related protein 1; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1.