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Compounds/drugs | Chemical structure | Clinical trial/FDA approved | Receptor/target | Description | Inhibitor | References |
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Vatalanib (PTK787/ZK 222584) | | Phase -III | VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, PDGFR-β, c-Kit | Small-molecule tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor | VEGF signaling pathway | [93] |
AE-941 (Neovastat®) | Structure not available | Phase -III | VEGF–VEGFR-binding MMP2, MMP9 | Shark-cartilage component | VEGF signaling pathway | [93, 94] |
Sorafenib | | Phase -III | VEGFR-2, PDGFR-β, FLT3, c-Kit | Small-molecule Raf kinase and tyrosine kinase inhibitor | VEGF signaling pathway | [93] |
Trametinib | | FDA approved | BRAF | Allosteric, non-ATP competitive small-molecule inhibitors | MAPK pathway | [95, 96] |
Binimetinib | | FDA approved | BRAFV600E or BRAFV600K | Allosteric, non-ATP competitive small-molecule inhibitors | MAPK pathway | [96] |
Genistein | | Phase I-II | GSK3-β | Inactivate Wnt signaling by upregulating the expression of GSK3-β and E-cadherin | Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway | [97] |
PRI-724 | | Phase 1 | β-Catenin | Blocks the interaction between β-catenin and its transcriptional coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP) | Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway | [98, 99] |
Idelalisib | | USFDA approved | PI3K-δ | Capable of inducing apoptosis and inhibit AKT phosphorylation and downstream effectors | PI3K signaling pathway | [100, 101] |
Duvelisib | | USFDA approved | PI3K-γ and PI3K-δ | Capable of inducing apoptosis and inhibit AKT phosphorylation and downstream effectors | PI3K signaling pathway | [101, 102] |
Erdafitinib | | USFDA approved | FGFR1-4 | Inhibits tumor cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis | Fibroblast growth factor pathway | [103] |
Netarsudil | | USFDA approved | ROCK1/2 nonreceptor | Inhibits the enzyme rho kinase | Serine/threonine kinase (AKT) pathway | [104] |
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