Positive and Negative Regulation of Ferroptosis and Its Role in Maintaining Metabolic and Redox Homeostasis

Figure 1

Modulation of ferroptosis by various chemical reagents. Ferroptosis is activated by four classes of ferroptosis inducers: (1) system xc− inhibitors, (2) GPX4 inhibitors, (3) FIN56, and (4) FINO2. Apart from these canonical ferroptosis inducers, many other reagents can also induce ferroptosis like buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and ferric ammonium citrate. Ferroptosis is also inhibited by several pharmacological and genetic agents which inhibit lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and iron metabolism. Vitamin E family (tocopherols and tocotrienols), small molecules, and flavonoids can inhibit LOX activity. Dopamine which is a neurotransmitter also leads to cell survival by blocking GPX4 degradation.