Geniposide Attenuates Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation by Activating the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy

Figure 1

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation promotes NF-κB activation, followed by glial reactivation and inflammatory cytokine secretion in HG-stimulated Müller cells. Müller cells were stimulated with normal glucose (NG) and high glucose (HG) to establish an in vitro diabetes model, and mannitol was used as the osmotic control. Cells were pretreated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) before HG administration. (a) ROS accumulation was measured by an ROS assay kit. (b–e) The protein expression of IκBα, p-IκBα, P65, p-P65, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was assayed by western blotting. vs. the NG group and ^# vs. the HG group. (f) The protein expression of P65 in the nucleus and cytoplasm was measured by western blotting. (g) Immunofluorescent staining of NF-κB P65 in Müller cells. (h–j) ELISA was performed to measure the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in Müller cells. vs. the NG group and ^## vs. the HG group. /group.

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