Food-Origin Mycotoxin-Induced Neurotoxicity: Intend to Break the Rules of Neuroglia Cells

Figure 3

Mycotoxin-induced inflammation/immune deregulatory in glial cells. Sublethal dose of mycotoxins can activate microglia and astrocytes and promote proinflammatory element release. Mycotoxin activates MAPK, NF-κB, and MYD88/GMCSF pathways through toll-like receptors (TLRs) to promote the release of iNOS and inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CxCr4, IFN-γ, caspase-3, and caspase-7, and ultimately leads to death of neuronal cells. On the other hand, toxic dose of mycotoxin can reduce microglia’s sensing for LPS through cytotoxic effects, leading to the risk of decreased anti-infection efficiency with the downregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β.