Research Article
BTK Promotes Atherosclerosis by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Injury, and ER Stress of Macrophages
Figure 1
ox-LDL triggers oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury, and ER stress in macrophages. (a, b) The number of ROS-positive macrophages increased after ox-LDL treatment for 24 h. (c) The expression levels of nuclear NRF2 by Western blot in macrophages after ox-LDL stimulation for 4 h and 8 h. (d) Mitochondria-specific fluorescence probes (MitoTracker Red) in macrophages captured by confocal microscopy. (e) The phosphorylation levels of PERK and IRE1 in macrophages after ox-LDL stimulation for 4 h and 8 h. (f) ATF6 protein (green) translocated into the nucleus after ox-LDL treatment in macrophages. The threshold of statistical significance was set at .
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