Activation of the M3AChR and Notch1/HSF1 Signaling Pathway by Choline Alleviates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis

Figure 2

Choline counteracted the Ang II-induced increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) levels and surface area. (a–c) Representative images and data showing mtROS levels. MitoSOX Red fluorescence colocalized with MitoTracker Green. Data are presented as ( independent experiments). Scale bar: 50 μm. (d) Representative immunofluorescence staining of NRVMs with α-actinin antibodies (red); the nuclei were stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; blue). Scale bar: 100 μm. (e) Statistical analysis of the cardiomyocyte surface area. independent experiments. Data are presented as . versus control (CTR); ^## and ^### versus Ang II; ^& and ^&& versus the choline-treated Ang II group.

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