Diosgenin: An Updated Pharmacological Review and Therapeutic Perspectives

Figure 2

Diagram with cellular targets and molecular mechanisms involved in anticancer effect of diosgenin. Abbreviations and symbols: ↑: increased; ↓: decreased; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; abbreviated mRNA: messenger RNA; TIMP: metallopeptidase inhibitor 1; AKT: serine/threonine kinase 1; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; TNFR1: tumor necrosis factor receptor 1; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor; PGE2: prostaglandin E₂; COX: cyclooxygenase; LOX: 5-lipoxygenase; LTB4: leukotriene B4; PARP-1: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; ERα: estrogen receptor alpha; Src: proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase; Cyt C: cytochrome C.