|
| Tested compounds | Model | Potential mechanisms | References |
|
| Diosgenin | C6 rat glioma cells
in vitro | ↓ the dosage regimen of TMZ, ↑ MMP-2, ↑ apoptosis | Rajesh et al. [82] |
| Diosgenin | 5XFAD mice
in vivo | ↓amyloid plaques, ↓neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, ↑1,25D3-MARRS | Tohda et al. [83] |
| Diosgenin | ddY mice
in vivo | Memory enhancement effects mediated by 1,25D3-MARRS-triggered axonal growth, ↑ 1,25D3-MARRS | Tohda et al. [84] |
| Diosgenin | Transgenic 2576 mice
in vivo | ↓AChE, ↓Bax/Bcl-2, ↓amyloid plaques production in the granule cells, ↑ NGF, ↑ SOD, p75 (NTR) | Koh et al. [85] |
| Diosgenin | Senescent mice induced via D-galactose
in vivo | ↑learning and memory ability, ↑ SOD, ↑ GSH-Px, ↓ MDA level, ↑ endogenous antioxidant enzymatic activities | Chiu et al. [61] |
| Diosgenin-rich extract | Senescent mice induced via D-galactose
in vivo | ↑learning and memory ability, ↑ SOD, ↑ GSH-Px, ↓ MDA level, ↑ endogenous antioxidant enzymatic activities | Chiu et al. [86] |
| Diosgenin | Sprague-Dawley rats
in vivo | ↓ neuronal death rate, ↓pro-inflammatory cytokines, ↑impaired neurological functions at 100 and 200 mg/kg, ↑ IkBα, ↓ p65, ↓NF-κB | Zhang et al. [87] |
| Diosgenin + curcumin (bivalent) | MC65 neuroblastoma cells
in vitro | Antioxidant, anti-oligomerization ↓ amyloid-β oligomer formation | Chojnacki et al. [88] |
| Diosgenin | Sprague-Dawley rats with lipopolysaccharide
in vivo | ↓TLR/NF-κB ↓ TLR2, ↓TLR4, ↓NF-κB | Li et al. [89] |
| Diosgenin carbamate derivatives | D-galactose aging mice
in vivo | Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, β- amyloid, ↓ NO ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | Yang et al. [90] |
| Arginyl–diosgenin | Neuroinflammation model using BV2 cells induced by LPS C57BL/6 mice
in vitro/in vivo | ↓activation of microglia, microphages, ↓CD4+ T cell proliferation, ↓Th1/Th17 cell differentiation, ↓ NO, ↓ iNOS, ↓ COX-2, ↓PGD2, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β, ↓ TNF-α | Cai et al. [65] |
| Diosgenin | Primary murine microglial cell line BV-2
in vitro | ↓pro-inflammatory M1 markers via activation of microglia and without affecting M2 makers, ↓IκB-α, ↓ERK, ↓ MAPK, ↓p38 | Wang et al. [51] |
| Diosgenin | SH-SY5Y cell line H9c2 cell line
in vitro | Protective effects against SH-SY5Y cells, ↓angiogenesis at high concentration, ↓apoptosis | Cai et al. [91] |
| Diosgenin | Trimethyltin-injected transgenic 2576 mice
in vivo | Neuroprotective effects against different brain damages via NGF biosynthesis stimulation, ↓ AChE, ↓ Bax/Bcl-2, ↑ NGF, ↑ SOD | Koh et al. [85] |
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