Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Review Article

Diosgenin: An Updated Pharmacological Review and Therapeutic Perspectives

Table 4

Different biological activities of diosgenin and their derivatives with the mechanism of action.


Disease	Experimental model	Mechanism	Pharmacological action	References

Cardiac fibrosis	Rat cardiac fibrosis cells in vitro μM	↓ α-SMA ↓ TGF-β1 ↓ p-Smad3	↓ proliferation of Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis, ECM synthesis of rat cardiac fibrosis and expression of TGF-beta 1 and Smad3 phosphorylation in cardiac fibrosis cells	Zhou et al., [149]
Pulmonary hypertension	ICR mice in vivo mg/kg	↓ NF-κB ↓p50/p65 ↓ MAPK/p38 ↓ iNOS	Pretreatment with diosgenin significantly suppresses the LPS-induced NF-κB, MAPK/p38 activation protective effects against acute lung injury or sepsis	Gao et al., [150]
Graves disease	BALB/c mice in vivo mg/kg/day	↓ mRNA, ↓IGF-1, ↓NF-κB, ↓ cyclin D1 ↓PCNA	Diosgenin treatment significantly reduces the TT4 level and thyroid size without affecting TRAb in graves’ disease mice	Cai et al., [151]
Diabetes	Albino rats in vivo Dose =5-10 mg/kg/day	↓serum glucose, ↓ MDA, ↑GSH, ↑ SOD, ↑ GPx, ↓ protein carbonyl ↑ catalase	↓ blood glucose, ↓LDL cholesterol ↓cardiovascular risk	Kalailingam et al. [28]
	Wistar rats in vivo mg/kg/day	↓ serum glucose	Diosgenin significantly reduced the blood glucose, increase the insulin blood level	Saravanan et al. [152]
	Swiss mice in vivo mg/mL	↓ α-amylase ↓ α-glucosidase	Diosgenin demonstrated significant antidiabetic activity	Ghosh et al., [153]
Osteoporosis	Ovariectomized rats	↓ RANKL ↑ OPG	Diosgenin demonstrated significant antiosteoporotic activity compared to OVX control	Zhang et al. [154]
Arthritis	C57BL/6 mice in vivo	↓ p-JAK2, ↓ p-STAT3, ↓ SDH, ↓COX, ↓ SOD, ↑ Bax	Diosgenin treatment significantly inhibited the apoptosis and upregulated the mitochondrial oxidative stress capacity of chondrocytes in experimental mice with osteoarthritis	Liu et al. [155]
Cardiotoxicity	Male Balb/c mice in vivo mg/kg/day	↓TBARS, ↓ ROS, ↓ caspase-3, ↓ NF-κB, ↑ cGMP, ↑ cAMP, ↓ PDE5	Cardioprotective Diosgenin displayed antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, cGMP modulation activities	Chen et al. [156]