SS-31, a Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Ameliorates Kidney Disease

Figure 1

Mechanism of action of SS-31 against kidney disease. Mitochondria produce ATP and ROS through an electron transport chain consisting of complexes I to V. Ischemia, hypoxia, hyperglycemia, drugs, obstruction, genetic, and other risk factors can affect the kidneys, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and kidney disease. SS-31 protects mitochondrial structure, scavenges ROS, increases ATP supply, reduces cytochrome C release, and inhibits mPTP opening and calcium overload by binding to cardiolipin in the inner membrane of mitochondria, thereby exerting anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antiapoptotic, and autophagic effects.