SS-31, a Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Ameliorates Kidney Disease

Figure 2

SS-31 potential protective mechanisms and signaling pathways. SS-31 concentrates on the inner mitochondrial membrane, by scavenging ROS, increasing ATP synthesis, and inhibiting mPTP opening; it can reduce lipid peroxidation, thereby improving ferroptosis, apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis. In addition, SS-31 may also regulate apoptosis through PKC, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways.