Anthocyanin Encapsulated Nanoparticles as a Pulmonary Delivery System

Figure 4

The cytoprotective effect of empty carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) nanoparticles (E-CMC), HB encapsulated with CMC (HB-CMC), and an equivalent dose of free HB-anthocyanin (HB) against carcinogenic NNKOAc in BEAS-2B cells. Cytotoxicity was determined by observing alterations in phenotype (3(a)) and cell viability (3(b) and 3(c)). (a) BEAS-2B cells were treated with 2 mg/mL E-CMC, HB-CMC (comprised 4 μg/mL C3G equivalent anthocyanin), or 4 μg/mL HB-anthocyanin for 3 h separately, followed by exposure to 100 μM NNKOAc for another 3 h. (a) The morphology of BEAS-2B cells was not different among vehicle control and treatment groups. Images were taken at 100× magnification using the inverted phase-contrast microscope. (b) The cell viability was determined by 7-AAD flowcytometric assay on 10,000 events. The cell population to the left of the graph represents live cells. (c) All the treatments maintained over 90% cell viability and did not significantly differ from the control. The results represent three independent experiments. One-way analysis of variance was performed () with Tukey’s pairwise comparison (at ) for mean comparison. NS: results do not significantly different; E-CMC: anthocyanin-free carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles; HB-CMC: haskap berry anthocyanin encapsulated nanoparticles; HB: haskap berry anthocyanin; DCFDA: 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; C3G: cyanidin-3-O-glucoside.

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