Anthocyanin Encapsulated Nanoparticles as a Pulmonary Delivery System

Figure 6

The protective effect of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) nanoparticles (E-CMC and HB-CMC) and an equivalent dose of free HB-anthocyanin (HB) against NNKOAc-induced DNA double-strand break in BEAS-2B cells. The protective effect was measured by γH2A.X assay. BEAS-2B cells were treated with 2 mg/mL E-CMC, HB-CMC (comprised 4 μg/mL C3G equivalent anthocyanin), and 4 μg/mL HB-anthocyanin for 3 h separately, following exposure to 100 μM NNKOAc for another 3 h. (a) The treated cells were fixed, stained with primary antibody for γH2A.X foci and then incubated with secondary antibody anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 before being measured by flow cytometry on 10,000 events. Top panel: neither nanoparticle nor HB induced DNA damage in BEAS-2B cells at studied doses. Lower panel: the treatments did not reduce the NNKOAc-induced double-strand breaks (skewed graph right, indicated by black arrowheads) in BEAS-2B cells. (b) The nanoparticles or HB did not reduce the NNKOAc-induced DNA double-strand breaks in BEAS-2B cells. One-way analysis of variance was performed () with Tukey’s pairwise comparison (at ) for mean comparison. indicate statistical difference at . NS: results do not significantly different.

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