[Retracted] Inhibition of Oxidative Stress: An Important Molecular Mechanism of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Astragalus membranaceus, Carthamus tinctorius L., Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae, etc.) in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke by Regulating the Antioxidant System

Table 1

Mechanisms of TCM and its active ingredients to improve oxidative stress.

TCM	Ingredient	Subjects in study	Impact on ROS-related targets	Refs.
Ligusticum chuanxiong	Tetramethylpyrazine	SD rats	↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1	[47]
	Volatile oil	SD rats	↑SOD, ↑GSH-Px, ↓MDA	[48]
Astragalus membranaceus	Astragaloside	SD rats	↑SOD, ↓LDH, ↓NOS, ↓MDA, ↓NO	[56]
	Astragaloside IV	SD rats/SH-5Y5Y cells	↓ROS, ↑Nrf2	[57]
	Astragaloside IV-tetramethylpyrazine	SD rats	↓MDA, ↓iNOS, ↑SOD,	[58]
	Astragalus polysaccharides	SD rats	↑SOD, ↓NOS, ↓MDA, ↓NO, ↓LDH	[59]
	Calycosin-7-O-Β-D-glucoside	HT22 cells	↓LDH, ↓MDA, ↓ROS, ↑SOD	[61]
Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae	Salvianolic acid B	Mice	↓MDA, ↑SOD, ↓NOS, ↑T-AOC	[66]
	Salvianolic acid B	SD rats	↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↑GSH-Px, ↓MDA, ↓LDH, ↓NOS	[67]
	Danshen polysaccharide	Wistar rats	↓MDA, ↓ROS, ↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↑GSH-Px,	[68]
	Tanshinone IIA	Nrf2 knockout mice	↑Nrf2, ↓8-OHdG, ↓MDA, ↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↑GSH-Px, ↑T-AOC	[69]
Carthamus tinctorius L.	Safflower extract	ICR mice	↑SOD, ↑GSH-Px, ↑CAT, ↓MDA	[75]
	Safflower yellow pigment	SD rats	↑SOD, ↓NO, ↓MDA	[77]
	SYB	PC12 cells	↑SOD, ↑GSH-Px, ↓MDA, ↓LDH	[78]
	SYB	SD rats/primary cortical cells	↑Nrf2, ↑SOD, ↓MDA, ↑GSH-Px, ↓NADPH, ↓NOX, ↓ROS	[23]
	HSYA	SD rats	↑SOD, ↑T-AOC, ↓MDA	[79]
	HSYA	PC12 cells	↑SOD, ↓MDA	[80]
Angelica sinensis	Angelica sinensis polysaccharides	Rabbits	↑SOD, ↓MDA, ↑CAT, ↑GSH-Px, ↑GSH, ↑GR, ↓NO	[84]
	Angelica sinensis polysaccharides	PC12 cells	↑SOD, ↑GSH-Px, ↓MDA	[85]
	Angelica sinensis polysaccharides	Wistar rats	↑SOD, ↑GSH-Px, ↓MDA	[86]