Research Progress on Targeted Antioxidant Therapy and Vitiligo

Figure 1

The signaling pathways involved in vitiligo oxidative stress. ROS: reactive oxygen species; Nrf2: nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2; ARE: antioxidant response element; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3β; MC1R: melanocortin 1 receptor; AC: adenylyl cyclase; CREB: cAMP-response element binding protein; CRE: cAMP-response element; MITF: microphthalmia-associated transcription factor; TYR: tyrosinase; TRP-1: tyrosinase-related protein 1; TRP-2: tyrosinase-related protein 2; Wnt: wingless/integrated; Go/Gq: G protein; Dvl: Dishevelled; TCF-LEF: T cell factor-lymphoid enhancer factor; AhR: aromatic hydrocarbon receptor; AhRR: AhR repressor; Hsp90: heat shock protein 90; p23: co-chaperone protein; XAP-2: HBV X-associated protein 2; SCF: stem cell factor; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ARNT: aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator; XRE: xenobiotic-responsive element; KLF6: Kruppel-like factor 6; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; CYP1A1: cytochrome P450 1A1.